Geographical Proximity Research Articles

Geographic Proximity of Medical Students to PM&R Residency Programs is Associated with Increased Match Rates into PM&R.

Despite the growing popularity of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (PM&R) as a specialty among medical students, meaningful experiences and mentorship can be challenging to obtain and may significantly vary depending on opportunities available to interact with physiatrists. This study explores the association between the geographic proximity of PM&R residency programs to medical schools and the match rate of medical students into PM&R from 2019 to 2021. Data on US medical schools, graduates, and PM&R residency programs were collected from publicly available sources, and a sample of 1,193 PM&R residents from US medical schools was analyzed using a one-sample proportion test. The proportion of PM&R residents originating from medical schools with PM&R residency programs in the same metropolitan area was significantly greater than the corresponding proportion of expected residents based on medical school graduates, even when controlling for medical school affiliations with PM&R residency programs. These findings suggest that exposure and opportunities provided by PM&R residency programs may influence nearby medical students and that expanding residency programs into geographic regions without existing PM&R programs may foster interest and promote growth in the field of physiatry.

Fintech and financial stability: Evidence from spatial analysis for 25 countries

Fintech has experienced rapid advances in recent years. This study examines the impact of Fintech on financial stability for a group of 25 countries during 2013–2020. We adopt the novel Fintech-enabled financing volume to directly measure Fintech development. We utilise both the aggregate and disaggregated level of Fintech financing; the latter includes crowdfunding, business lending and consumer lending, each has a different funding process and default rates. We account for spatial dependence in financial stability across countries by employing various spatial models. Our findings first reveal that there is positive spatial dependence of financial stability across countries. It implies that financial stability has a positive spillover to neighbouring countries and validates the necessity of spatial analysis. Second, based on the Spatial Durbin Model which best describes our data, Fintech financing makes a positive local and cross-border contribution towards financial stability, irrespective of alternative weight matrices and sample sizes. Such positive impact is more profound in countries with smaller sizes of Fintech financing volume, and the cross-border effect is stronger with closer geographic proximity. Finally, crowdfunding enhances financial stability, whilst consumer lending has a contrasting destabilising effect.

Proximity and regional innovation performance: the mediating role of absorptive capacity

Purpose Proximity is a crucial factor influencing innovation collaboration and performance. Most existing studies have primarily focused on the organizational level and been static in nature. Therefore, a further study on how proximity affects innovation performance is needed. This paper aims to fill this gap by highlighting the organizational, cognitive and geographical proximity in China’s open regional innovation system. Design/methodology/approach This paper analyzes the data from 2010 to 2015 through path analysis. Findings The results reveal that geographical proximity has a direct positive effect on regional innovation performance in China’s regional innovation system. It also shows that organizational proximity exerts a negative impact on absorptive capacity, and through it adversely affects regional innovation performance. In contrast, cognitive proximity is found to have a positive effect on absorptive capacity, enhancing regional innovation performance. Originality/value Based on these findings, this paper contributes to a better understanding of the role of proximity in innovation collaboration and performance. By highlighting the importance of different proximity types, it provides insights for policymakers and practitioners seeking to foster regional innovation.

Assessing the Efficiency and Potential of China’s Apple Exports

This study elucidates the factors impacting China’s apple trade, its efficiency, and opportunities for increased revenue. This study adopts a stochastic frontier gravity model on China’s apple exports data, covering the period from 1997 to 2022 across 38 significant trading partners. The finding demonstrates that the economic growth of China and its trading partners substantially boosts apple export volumes, with a positive correlation between GDP growth and export flows. The research also highlights the deterrent effect of geographical distance on exports and reveals a complex negative relationship between the per capita GDP of importing nations and export efficiency, shedding light on the nuanced nature of trade dynamics. Furthermore, the study finds that the appreciation of China’s currency plays a crucial role in enhancing export efficiency by lowering transaction costs. Meanwhile, increased agricultural land in importing countries presents competitive challenges, impacting export performance negatively. Geographical proximity and infrastructural features, such as shared borders and lack of access to seaport, are identified as significant factors in export efficiency. The analysis unveils considerable untapped export potential in various countries, suggesting a strategic avenue for market expansion. To optimize China’s apple export strategy, policymakers are advised to consider currency management, negotiate trade agreements that mitigate distance and per capita GDP effects, and target markets with high untapped potential, thereby facilitating sustainable growth in China’s apple export sector.

The moderating role of the territorial research infrastructure on the geographic proximity effect in research collaborations: a regional-based view

The moderating role of the territorial research infrastructure on the geographic proximity effect in research collaborations: a regional-based view

Growing in Scarcity: Pre-Hispanic Rain-Fed Agriculture in the Semi-Arid and Frost-Prone Andean Altiplano (Bolivia)

Ancient Andean agricultural landscapes have been the subject of a large number of archaeological and agro-ecological studies, which generally refer to regions with favourable environmental conditions or, in the case of arid and semi-arid environments, those with irrigation facilities. The aim of this article is to present and analyse the pre-Hispanic rain-fed farming systems widely represented in two adjacent regions of Bolivia’s arid and cold southern Altiplano. The search for archaeological agricultural areas combined aerial analysis and field surveys. Agro-ecological characterisation was based on historical and ethnographic studies of the region’s present-day populations. Despite their geographical proximity, similar environmental conditions, and same agropastoral way of life, the typology of cultivated areas developed in the southern altiplano differs significantly. Within this same framework of adaptation and resilience, the sectorisation of agricultural systems observed in these two regions reveals a regional productive specialisation that favoured internal exchanges and exchanges with other regions. These differences are related to two models of non-centralised, low-inequality societies—one strongly based on cohesion and the other characterised by greater fragmentation and social conflict—underlining the limits of strict environmental determinism in shaping agricultural landscapes. These results provide new food for thought in the debate on the use and value of rain-fed agricultural practices and more broadly on the diversity of adaptations by human societies in extreme and unstable environmental contexts.

LEED Certification System for Green Buildings in China: Examining Spatial Differences, Temporal Evolution, and Spatial Overflow

This paper examines the spread of green building development in China by analyzing the implementation of the LEED certification system across 31 provinces from 2006 to 2022. To investigate spatial differences, spatial-temporal evolution, and spatial spillovers of green building development in China, we employed various statistical methods, including Standard Distance Ellipse, Dagum's Gini Coefficient, Kernel Density Estimation, Markov Chain Analysis, Moran's I Exponential Analysis, and Social Network Analysis. The findings reveal the formation of a green building cluster in a northeast-southwest orientation, at the core of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta regions. There is compelling evidence of substantial regional disparities in green building development, primarily driven by inter-regional differences, which has resulted in a significant gap between the eastern and non-eastern regions. This study identifies the presence of "club convergence" and the "Matthew effect" in China's green building landscape, where spatial factors play a crucial role. Furthermore, a distinct and stable spatial clustering is observed, indicating a complex and multi-faceted spatial association network that goes beyond geographical proximity and neighborhood effects. This network reveals diverse positions and roles for provinces and cities. The eastern provinces and cities are found to exert strong control and dominance while also playing a significant siphoning role. On the other hand, the western provinces and cities have been marginalized, experiencing minimal dividend spillover from the development of other provinces.

Genetic diversity of the common carp black strain population based on mtDNA (D-loop and cytb)

The common strain black carp (Cyprinus carpio var. baisenensis) is a culturally important carp strain that is raised and cultured in Guangxi Province, China. Its color reflects the interactions between the Burau people and their surrounding environment. The population of the common carp black strain was isolated and cultured in a rice-fish integration system. To explore the genetic diversity and protection of germplasm resources, we analyzed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences, specifically the displacement loop (D-loop) and cytochrome b (Cytb), using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). We compared these sequences with those from four other local common carp populations. The study included a total of 136 adult common carps from five strain populations: the common black carp strain (HJ = 31), Jian (F = 30), Heilongjiang (H = 10), Songpu (S = 31), and Saijiang (SJ = 34). The results of the Cytb and D-loop analyses showed that the Heilongjiang carp (H) and Saijiang (SJ) populations had the highest levels of haplotype diversity (0.867 ± 0.034785) and nucleotide diversity (π = 0.0063 ± 0.000137 and 0.0093 ± 0.000411), respectively. On the other hand, the Common carp black strain population (HJ) exhibited the lowest haplotype diversity in both Cytb and D-loop, with haplotype 2 being the most commonly observed among the populations. Private haplotypes dominated the five common carp populations, which were significantly different at P<0.001. Furthermore, analyzing the coefficient of genetic differentiation (Fst), the highest genetic difference was observed between Saijiang (SJ) and Heilongjiang (H) (Fst = 0.963), whereas the lowest was observed between Songpu (S) and the Common carp black strain population (HJ) (Fst = 0.019) for the Cytb gene sequences. For the D-loop, the Common carp black strain population (HJ) and Songpu (S) (Fst = 0.7) had the highest values, and Heilongjiang (H) and Common black carp strain (HJ) had an Fst of 0.125. Additionally, the AMOVA analysis revealed a higher level of variance for the Cytb and D-loop genes, indicating lower genetic diversity within the local carp community. On the other hand, the phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the five carp populations were closely related and formed a distinct cluster. The distinct cluster of populations suggests a common ancestor or recent gene flow, possibly due to geographic proximity or migration history, and unique genetic characteristics, possibly due to adaptations or selective pressures. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the genetic diversity of the common strain black carp, which can have implications for conservation, breeding programs, evolutionary studies, and fisheries management.

QUANTITATIVE APPRAISAL AND SCIENTOMETRIC EXPLORATION INTO THE DIGITIZATION OF EDUCATION

In the current conditions, the digitalization of education in almost all countries of the world has become a vital strategy for the total restructuring of traditional forms, tools, methods and technologies of education. At the same time, the issue of financial literacy is one of the priorities in education since the level of social welfare and the level of economic development of the country depend on the level of financial literacy. The article is devoted to a thorough scientometric review of scientific publications on the digitalization of financial education, highlighting key ideas, trends in developing scientific views, prospects, and opportunities for further research. The bibliometric analysis was carried out using specialized methods and tools, in particular, in-built Scopus and WoS databases tools, VosViewer software, and the Google Trends web application. Publications were extracted from the two scientometric databases, Scopus and WoS, in the time interval from 1990 to February 2024. A dynamic analysis of research articles showed their intensive growth since 2020, which is due to increased attention to digital education in the context of global transformations, the COVID-19 pandemic, and military conflicts. A transnational representation of the research was identified, with key geographic centres in the United States, the United Kingdom, and China. A country-by-country analysis confirmed the connection between researchers due to similarities in educational strategies and geographical proximity. Using the results of the constructed bibliometric map, the thematic analysis identified 4 key clusters that confirm the central role of digitalization in financial education. Within the clusters, thematic groups of scientific publications were identified (innovations in education and digital technologies, socio-economic challenges in education, leadership and competitive advantages in education, financial and economic aspects of education, etc. The analysis identified promising research areas, including strategies to improve access to educational resources during crises, studying the impact of Industry 5.0 on financial education, studying financial innovations in education, and researching inclusive digital education.

UKRAINIAN FORCED MIGRANTS’ INTEGRATION IN EUROPEAN LABOUR MARKET: GERMAN VS POLISH CASE

The tsunami of forced migration caused by Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022 poses a significant challenge to the socio-economic systems of host European countries, in particular Germany and Poland, which are the two main destination countries for displaced Ukrainians. Despite relatively similar statistics on the number and demographic structure of Ukrainian forced immigrants, the two countries differ significantly in terms of the level of labour market integration of refugees, which is a key factor determining their social integration and economic outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to study the peculiarities and common features of the integration of Ukrainian forced migrants in the labour markets of Germany and Poland, taking into account the pre-war experience of these countries in attracting Ukrainian economic migrants. Methodology. The study is a comparative analysis of the pre-war and forced migration trajectories of the two countries based on data from the German and Polish statistical services and Eurostat in 2010-2022. Results. The article discusses the redistribution of the main demographic characteristics in the profile of Ukrainian migrants in the post-war period, which led to an increase in the share of women with higher education in the demographic structure of migrants. These demographic differences, coupled with the peculiarities of European labour markets, have affected the employment prospects of Ukrainian refugees in European countries of destination. The pre-war experience of temporary labour migration from Ukraine and social ties between refugees and members of the diaspora were recognised as factors that facilitated the integration of Ukrainian refugees. The analysis showed that in addition to the geographical and cultural proximity between Ukraine and Poland, the circular labour migration model that dominated relations between Ukraine and Poland contributed to the rapid integration of Ukrainian refugees into the labour market after the outbreak of full-scale war. The lack of German language skills is the most common reason for the lower participation of Ukrainians in the German labour market compared to the Polish one. In Germany, favourable labour market conditions combined with integration policies facilitate access to the labour market for Ukrainian refugees in the long term. Practical implications. By examining the previous circular seasonal migration of Ukrainians over the past decade and their labour market integration in specific destination countries after the outbreak of war, this paper provides a broader perspective for the study of the transition from forced to permanent migration. Value/Originality. Given the global growth of both seasonal labour migrants and forms of movement, the key findings of the study provide a better understanding of these changing categories of mobility and their implications.

Why do local governments privatize? Political representation and contagion in the privatization of welfare services in Sweden

AbstractPrevious research has highlighted that decentralization is key to understanding the marketization of the Swedish welfare state, while local political factors are important to explaining the subnational differences in actual degrees of welfare service privatization. Other research has highlighted the impact of pragmatism rather than ideology in local government's decisions to outsource welfare services, including policy diffusion through geographical proximity to highly privatized municipalities. However, little research has been done on the role or type of political representation and whether this matters to the diffusion of welfare service privatization. Thus, there is little knowledge about whether local governments are primarily responsive to public preferences, the ideological position of the local government, or influences from neighboring municipalities. Drawing on the literature on political representation and policy diffusion, I test three hypotheses: that the local governments are primarily responsive to public preferences (sanction representation), that local governments are primarily responsive to their own ideological position (gyroscopic representation), or that local governments are primarily influenced by outsourcing in neighboring municipalities (contagion). Using a time‐lagged correlational design with survey data covering both local politicians and ordinary municipal residents, as well as public accounts of municipal outsourcing, I find that public preferences play a negligible role to the privatization process. A minor part of the between‐municipal variation in welfare service privatization can be attributed to the preferences of local politicians (gyroscopic representation), while a more substantial part is due to pressures from outsourcing among municipal neighbors (contagion).

Superior medical resources or geographic proximity? The joint effects of regional medical resource disparity, geographic distance, and cultural differences on online medical consultation

Online medical consultation platforms enable patients to seek health advice from physicians across geographic regions. In this study, we analyze patterns of online consultation between patients and physicians. We examine the joint effects of regional medical resource disparity, geographic distance, and cultural differences between patients and physicians on patients' decisions about which physicians they consult online. Using a unique dataset of city-to-city tuples based on 813,684 online consultation records and combining it with region-level data from multiple external sources, we find that while regional medical resource disparity drives patients from medically disadvantaged regions to seek online consultations with physicians from medically advantaged regions, geographic distance and cultural differences tend to constrain these consultations. We also find that cultural differences can amplify the impact of regional medical resource disparity, whereas geographic distance may lessen this effect. Further, we discover that the constraining effect of geographic distance is partly due to the online-to-offline nature of online medical consultations. Moreover, additional analyses suggest that physicians' online reputation and information about physicians’ participation on the platform can help alleviate the negative effects of geographic distance and cultural differences. These findings hold significant implications for the allocation of medical resources and the formulation of healthcare policies.

Research on the Evolution of the Spatial Association Network Structure and Driving Factors of China’s Agricultural Green Development

Against the backdrop of global environmental challenges and sustainable development goals, this paper pioneers the application of social network analysis to the study of spatial associations in China’s agricultural green development. It not only enhances the understanding of the spatial interconnectivity and network structural characteristics of agricultural green developments, but also captures the complex dependencies and interactions among provinces through a network lens, offering a fresh perspective on regional agricultural cooperation and competition. The study reveals: (1) The spatial network of China’s agricultural green development displays strong overall connectivity and enhanced stability, with regional green development trends becoming increasingly interlinked and interdependent. (2) The network exhibits a clear hierarchical and core-periphery structure which, over time, shows signs of diminishing, indicating a narrowing of developmental disparities among regions. (3) Significant shifts in the roles and positions of provinces within the network occur due to the relocation of industrial focal points and adjustments in development strategies, highlighting the complexity of dynamic changes among regions. (4) The spatial association network can be divided into four main clusters: Net spillover block, Bidirectional spillover block, Net beneficial block, and Broker block, with significant gradient characteristics in the relationships between these clusters, suggesting directional and differential flows and exchanges of resources and information among regions. (5) Geographic proximity, economic development level, informatization, and agricultural technological advancement significantly influenced the development and structural evolution of the network.

Sequence Analysis of some species in the genus Amaranthus L. using Ribulose-1.5 - bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL) genes

Bioinformatics is a novel method to investigate evolutionary relationships and genetic diversity among species. This study assessed the evolutionary patterns and genetic diversity of Amaranthus species using ribulose-1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL gene). A total of 20 full FASTA-format rbcL gene sequences for accessions of Amaranthus tricolor, A. dubius, A. cruentus, A. viridis, and A. spinosus from different regions were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Multiple sequence alignment was used to determine genetic variations. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using neighbor-joining clustering method while a distant matrix was created using Tamura-Nei genetic distance model. From position 1 to 22 in nucleotide alignment, only accession KX082771.1 from USA, aligns. The exclusive alignment in this region suggests an exceptionally conserved sequence among species, implying a common genetic origin. However, from position 23 to 50, nine different accessions namely MN192576.1, MN204800.1, EF590496.1, GQ248546.1, OQ737000.1, MG246937.1, MN104855.1, MN104858.1, and MN04859.1 align. The phylogenetic tree representing the evolutionary relationships offers insights into the genetic diversity and relatedness of these species within specific regions. The genetic distance matrix shows that sequences within the same region share relatively high similarity scores, indicating a genetic connection likely influenced by their geographic proximity. However, sequences from different regions, exhibit moderate genetic differences, emphasizing the genetic diversity across geographically distinct regions. The observed genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships among accessions of Amaranthus revealed by rbcL genes highlight the unique genetic features of these species in different regions, and therefore should be explored for their genetic improvement and conservation purposes.

Pipeline hiring's effects on the human capital and performance of new recruits

AbstractResearch SummaryPipeline hiring, repeatedly hiring individuals from the same external source organization, is a common recruiting practice. Yet, whether this pipeline approach improves incoming human capital quality or performance has limited empirical evidence. We argue that, in cooperative source‐hiring organization contexts, pipelines reduce the information asymmetries present in labor markets in a way that both attracts individuals with higher pre‐entry human capital and predicts postentry performance that surpasses pre‐entry expectations. In the context of particularly intense recruiting competition—American college football—we test and find support for these hypotheses. We also probe key boundary conditions, specifically discontinuity, geographic proximity, and factor market competition that highlight the limits of when the informational advantage is more or less salient.Managerial SummaryOrganizations often recruit through pipelines ‐ repeatedly hiring new workers from the same sources, such as universities or supply partners. Despite how common pipeline hiring is, we have little evidence to suggest if this practice helps hire more capable workers. Using rich data from American college football, we find that players who are successfully recruited through a pipeline tend to be rated as higher potential before joining their college team and perform better, holding their potential constant, in their collegiate career than players who joined from a standalone source. We argue that these benefits come from information flows between recruiting organizations, alumni, and prospective workers. When conditions make these information flows less exclusive, more interrupted, or redundant, we find evidence that the typical pipeline recruiting benefits diminish.

Spatial Network Analysis of Coupling Coordination between Digital Financial Inclusion and Common Prosperity in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration

Digital financial inclusion and common prosperity are pivotal elements in promoting the sustainable socioeconomic development of China. This study introduces a novel Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method to evaluate the Common Prosperity Index (CPI). Using this index, alongside the Digital Financial Inclusion Index (DFII) released by Peking University, it examines the evolution of the coupling coordination relationship between digital financial inclusion and common prosperity within the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) urban agglomeration from 2011 to 2021. By integrating gravity models and social network analysis, in this paper, we thoroughly investigate the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the spatial network of this coupling coordination relationship. The results indicate that both the DFII and CPI generally exhibit an upward trend, but the decline in the coupling degree reflects a weakened interaction strength between them. Specifically, Anhui significantly lags behind Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai in the development of digital financial inclusion and common prosperity, indicating regional development imbalances. Furthermore, the strength of spatial connections in city coupling coordination has significantly increased, with Nanjing’s siphon effect on cities in Anhui becoming markedly stronger, and the number of core cities in the network increasing, which demonstrates a geographical proximity feature in network development. Additionally, the overall network characteristics are transitioning towards higher density and “small-world” properties, suggesting a trend toward network stabilization. The disparity in centrality among cities has decreased, with an overall enhancement in centrality, where the spatial spillover effects from core areas such as Hangzhou-Ningbo, Nanjing-Changzhou, and Shanghai-Suzhou-Wuxi significantly promote the development of peripheral cities. Based on these findings, this paper proposes policy recommendations for the sustainable development of digital financial inclusion and common prosperity in the YRD region.

Influence of Canadian provincial stewardship model attributes on the cost effectiveness of e-waste management

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of e-waste collection and management trends across six Canadian provinces, focusing on e-waste collection rates, provincial stewardship model attributes, program strategies and budget allocations from 2013 to 2020. Temporal and regression analyses were conducted using data from Electronic Product Recycling Association reports. A group characterization based on geographical proximity is proposed, aiming to explore the potential outcomes of fostering collaboration among neighboring provinces. The analysis emphasizes the significant impact of stewardship model attributes on e-waste collection rates, with Quebec emerging as a standout case, showcasing a remarkable 61.5% surge in collection rates. Findings from group analysis reveal a positive correlation between per capita e-waste collection rate and the growth of businesses and collection sites in Western Canada (Group A - British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba). This highlights the potential benefits of a coordinated waste management approach, emphasizing the importance of shared resources and collaborative policies. Saskatchewan and Manitoba allocated only 6.6% and 7.0% of their respective budgets to e-waste transfer and storage. British Columbia's observed steady decrease of e-waste collection rate. In Group A, stewards handled 2.18–13.95 tonnes of e-waste during the study period. The cost per tonne of e-waste tended to be lower when more e-waste is managed per steward, suggesting the potential benefits of an integrated e-waste collection and management system.

Dry, drier, driest: Differentiating flow patterns across a gradient of intermittency

AbstractIntermittent streams exhibit regular patterns of drying and are widespread, but the patterns of drying among streams within geographic proximity are not fully understood. We compared annual patterns of flow and drying among 10 intermittent streams within a single drainage basin and assessed how traditional hydrologic metrics described variation between streams. We installed stream intermittency sensors and evaluated stage height using low‐cost methods and evaluated landscape factors as potential drivers of flow patterns. Intermittent streams varied based on both high‐ and low‐flow metrics, driven by a variety of landscape‐level factors, especially watershed size. Additionally, we compared the observed flow regimes within our system with predictions generated using an established Soil and Water Assessment Tool, finding that modeled streamflow patterns generally underrepresented observed drying within the system.

Determinants of PTA design: Insights from machine learning

Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) have emerged as the dominant form of international trade governance. Provisions included in PTAs are increasingly numerous, broad in their purview, deep in their scope, and varied between agreements. We study the economic, political, and geographic determinants of PTA design differences. For each of the hundreds of classified PTA provisions, we consider 287 country-pair characteristics as potential determinants, covering many individual mechanisms the literature has studied. We employ random forests, a supervised machine learning technique, to handle this high dimensionality and complexity. We use a robust variable importance measure to identify the most critical determinants of the inclusion of each PTA provision. Contagion due to competition for export markets, geographic proximity, and governance quality emerge as essential determinants of PTA design. These results motivate future exploration of individual mechanisms our exercise points to.

Spillovers across global stock markets before and after the declaration of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine

Since the financial meltdown, studies on systemic risk and financial contagion have gained currency. Events like the COVID pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine have fueled such an importance. This study examines the impact of the invasion on volatility transmissions across major stock markets worldwide. The stock indices considered in this study are ASX 200, ESTOXX 40, FTSE 100, HNGSNG, NIFTY 50, NIKKIE, and S&amp;amp;amp;P 500. The work uses Vector Auto Regression (VAR) to study the transmission of returns. Later, the work performs Dynamic Conditional Covariance-Generalized Auto Regression Conditional Heteroskedasticity (DCC-GARCH) on the residuals where the transmission of returns was significant. The DCC-GARCH (E-GARCH) shows that all the asymmetric transmissions are negative. The study finds that co-movements of stock returns for the following pairs: ESTOXX 50-S&amp;amp;amp;P 500, NIFTY 50-FTSE100, NIFTY 50-NIKKIE, NIKKIE-ESTOXX 50, S&amp;amp;amp;P 500-NIFTY 50, and SP500-HNGSNG significantly intensified after the declaration of invasion. Such intensification of co-movements does establish the contagion effect triggered by invasion. The study shows that ESTOXX 50, which has the closest geographical proximity to the war zone, happens to be the highest generator of spillovers.